Firearms Policy Coalition

ATF Determines That The Rare Breed FRT-15 Trigger is A Machine Gun
U.S.A. –-(AmmoLand.com)- FPC Law is investigating a purported internal ATF email alleging that businesses which manufacture, distribute, or sell ‘forced-reset triggers’—specifically referring to “Rare Breed and Wide-Open Triggers (FRT Trigger).”— will be subject to forfeitures if they do not surrender “documents and FRT’s” [sic].

While the publicly available copy of the email contains several typographical errors and FPC’s understanding is that it has not yet been verified or confirmed by the agency, out of an abundance of caution, FPC suggests that all individuals, entities, and businesses who are now or have been in possession of ‘forced-reset triggers’ consider the below measures through which you may be able to protect and preserve your rights should ATF contact you, visit you, and/or demand that you surrender any item in your possession.

FPC has and will continue to fight to defend and advance the People’s individual rights, liberty, and private property. Visit FPCLaw.org for more information about our litigation, including challenges to unconstitutional acts, policies, and regulations by federal agencies, state and local gun bans, and other matters.

1. NEVER TALK WITH ANY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER UNLESS ADVISED TO DO SO BY YOUR LAWYER!

DO: Politely tell them that you want to speak with or through a lawyer, then stop talking and engage a lawyer.

If you are detained or arrested, then seek legal advice immediately. You may wish to inform close family and friends how to contact your lawyer to notify them that you have been detained or arrested.

DO NOT: Speak with anyone (including family members) until your lawyer speaks with and advises you.
DO NOT: Open doors unless the officers have a warrant. (If they have a warrant then they will use force to gain entry.)
DO NOT: Leave your home/property or go outside. (They will likely detain you and prevent you from re-entry until they are done and leave.)
DO NOT: Consent to any search.

2. IF YOU CHOOSE OR ARE FORCED TO PROVIDE PROPERTY TO THE ATF:

IF YOU CAN: Have legal counsel represent you and engage with federal agents and the ATF on your behalf.
DO NOT volunteer any information or speak with any agent other than to advise them that your property is being provided to them under protest.
DO: Attempt to photograph items being surrendered under protest to document the condition of the items at the time of surrender.
DO: Ensure that you receive a completed property receipt on ATF Form 3400.23 (Receipt of Property and Other Items).
DO: After signing, request a copy and/or photograph the signed copy for your records. ONLY sign ATF Form 3400.23.
DO NOT: Sign ATF Form 3400.1 (Consent to Forfeiture or Destruction of Property and Waiver of Notice)!

Should you sign Form 3400.1, you voluntarily surrender and relinquish all rights, title, and interest in, and all claims to the property listed on the form!

DO: Separately document your experience of the encounter in writing.

Note the location, date, and time of your interaction with the ATF agent(s), the names or other identifying information (ID/badge number, contact number, business card, etc.) of all ATF agents or persons you spoke with, the details of all discussions, and any other information they told or provided you.

If you would like FPC Law to consider your issue for potential legal action, call the FPC 2A Hotline at (855) 252-4510 or visit 2Ahotline.com to report the details of the law enforcement encounter, detention, arrest, and/or seizure.
THE ABOVE IS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT LEGAL ADVICE. SEEK SPECIFIC LEGAL ADVICE FROM YOUR LAWYER.

About FPC
Firearms Policy Coalition (firearmspolicy.org), a 501(c)4 nonprofit organization, exists to create a world of maximal human liberty, defend constitutional rights, advance individual liberty, and restore freedom. FPC’s efforts are focused on the Right to Keep and Bear Arms and adjacent issues including freedom of speech, due process, unlawful searches and seizures, separation of powers, asset forfeitures, privacy, encryption, and limited government. The FPC team are next-generation advocates working to achieve the Organization’s strategic objectives through litigation, research, scholarly publications, amicus briefing, legislative and regulatory action, grassroots activism, education, outreach, and other programs. FPC Law (FPCLaw.org), is the nation’s largest public interest legal team focused on the Right to Keep and Bear Arms, and the leader in the Second Amendment litigation and research space.

Article Rating

FPC Brief Argues Banning Non-Violent Criminals From Firearms is Unconstitutional, iStock-602335156
U.S.A. –-(AmmoLand.com)- The Firearms Policy Coalition (FPC) announced the filing of an important brief with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in the case of Bryan Range v. Att’y General of the U.S., a case challenging the government’s lifetime ban on firearms possession as applied to a person who was convicted of a non-violent misdemeanor. FPC’s brief, joined by FPC Action Foundation (formerly named Firearms Policy Foundation), can be found at FPCLaw.org.

FPC Sues NYC in New 2A Lawsuit Challenging Ban on Electronic Arms
U.S.A. –-(AmmoLand.com)- Firearms Policy Coalition (FPC) announced a new federal Second Amendment lawsuit challenging New York City’s ban on electronic arms, such as stun guns and tasers. The lawsuit seeks a judgment declaring the City’s ban unconstitutional, a preliminary or permanent injunction against enforcement of the law, and attorney’s fees and costs. Case documents in Calce v. New York City can be found at FPCLegal.org.

FPC Files Lawsuit Challenging ‘Assault Weapons’ Ban in Cook County, Illinois IMG iStock-534364755
U.S.A. –-(AmmoLand.com)- Firearms Policy Coalition (FPC) announced a new federal Second Amendment lawsuit challenging the ban on so-called “assault weapons” in Cook County, Illinois. Case documents in Viramontes v. Cook County, Il. can be found at FPCLegal.org.

The lawsuit begins by outlining the operation of Cook County’s unconstitutional ban, explaining that common, constitutionally protected semi-automatic rifles are prohibited if they can accept a magazine capable of holding more than ten rounds of ammunition and have certain characteristics like a pistol grip, muzzle brake, or a barrel shroud. And while the ban has “very limited exemptions for certain persons,” it still does not “allow typical law-abiding citizens to keep and bear these common firearms.”

“The rifles at issue in this case are the sorts of bearable arms in common use for lawful purposes that law-abiding people possess at home by the millions,” FPC’s complaint explains. “And they are, moreover, exactly what they would bring to service in militia duty, should such be necessary.”
The plaintiffs are seeking a declaration of law holding the ordinance to be unconstitutional, a preliminary and permanent injunction prohibiting the defendants from enforcing the ban, an award of nominal damages against the County of Cook, attorney’s fees, expert fees, and costs, and any other relief the court deems proper.

This case joins other FPC lawsuits challenging bans on common firearms, including its challenge to California’s ban on so-called “assault weapons” that resulted in a post-trial judgment and permanent injunction against the laws, the first such victory in United States history, as well as a challenge to Maryland’s ban on so-called “assault weapons,” Massachusetts’ ban on common handguns, and dozens of others.
Individuals that are interested in joining FPC in the fight against tyranny can become a member of the FPC Grassroots Army for just $25 at JoinFPC.org.
For more on these cases and other legal action initiatives, visit FPCLegal.org and follow FPC on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube.
FPC and its FPC Law team are the nation’s next-generation advocates leading the Second Amendment litigation and research space. Some FPC legal actions include:

A challenge to California’s ban on so-called “assault weapons” (Miller v. Bonta)
A challenge to California’s handgun roster, microstamping, and self-manufacturing ban laws (Renna v. Bonta)
A challenge to California’s firearm purchase rationing ban (1-in-30 day limit) (Nguyen v. Bonta)
A challenge to Minnesota’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Worth v. Harrington)
A challenge to Illinois’ ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Meyer v. Raoul)
A challenge to Georgia’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Baughcum v. Jackson)
A challenge to Tennessee’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Basset v. Slatery)
A challenge to Maryland’s ban on handgun carry (Call v. Jones)
A challenge to New Jersey’s ban on handgun carry (Bennett v. Davis)
A challenge to New York City’s ban on handgun carry (Greco v. New York City)
A challenge to Pennsylvania’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Lara v. Evanchick)
A challenge to the federal ban on the sale of handguns and handgun ammunition to adults under 21 years of age (Reese v. ATF)
A challenge to Maryland’s ban on so-called “assault weapons” (Bianchi v. Frosh)

About Firearms Policy Coalition
Firearms Policy Coalition (firearmspolicy.org), a 501(c)4 nonprofit organization, exists to create a world of maximal human liberty, defend constitutional rights, advance individual liberty, and restore freedom. FPC’s efforts are focused on the Right to Keep and Bear Arms and adjacent issues including freedom of speech, due process, unlawful searches and seizures, separation of powers, asset forfeitures, privacy, encryption, and limited government. The FPC team are next-generation advocates working to achieve the Organization’s strategic objectives through litigation, research, scholarly publications, amicus briefing, legislative and regulatory action, grassroots activism, education, outreach, and other programs. FPC Law (FPCLaw.org), the nation’s largest public interest legal team focused on the Right to Keep and Bear Arms, lead the Second Amendment litigation and research space.

FPC Sues New Jersey To Restore Right-To-Carry Guns in Public for Self-Defense
U.S.A. –-(AmmoLand.com)- Firearms Policy Coalition (FPC) and its FPC Law team announced the filing of a new federal Second Amendment lawsuit, Francisco v. Cooke, challenging New Jersey’s unconstitutional restrictions and local practices that prevent residents from exercising their right to carry loaded handguns in public for self-defense. The complaint can be found at FPCLegal.org.

The lawsuit was filed by New York-based firm Joshpe Mooney Paltzik LLP on behalf of Daniel Francisco, the president of advocacy organization Blue Star Union, a councilman for Englishtown, New Jersey and former Executive Director at Project Veritas, as well as Ori Katzin, the co-owner of a local interior design firm, a former member of the Israeli Defense Forces, and a certified firearms instructor. Katzin alleges in the complaint that he was attacked in an assault caught on camera and documented with police authorities. In spite of their legal eligibility to possess firearms and desire to carry handguns for self-defense, Francisco and Katzin were both denied a permit by New Jersey local police officials and judges, who are named as defendants in the case, along with state officials.

Edward Paltzik, an attorney for the firm representing FPC, said, “For far too long, New Jersey has systematically denied law-abiding citizens their Second Amendment right to protect themselves outside of their homes by imposing arbitrary and unconstitutional requirements. Especially with violent crime on the rise, this scheme allowing government officials to deny people the right to self-defense must end.”

New Jersey law makes it a crime for law-abiding individuals to carry a loaded handgun outside of the home unless they have been issued a permit to carry a handgun, thus denying them their right to bear arms. State law requires permit applicants to demonstrate a “justifiable need,” among other requirements.
Daniel Franciso stated in his “Letter of Need” as part of his permit applications that, “I wish to carry a loaded, operable handgun on my person for self-defense and for all other lawful purposes outside my home and in other public places.” His application was denied by his town’s chief of police, Peter S. Cooke, Kr., and Judge Lourdes Lucas on the basis that he failed to demonstrate “justifiable need” to carry a handgun outside his home.
Ori Katzin, who has received extensive civilian and military training in the use of firearms, received a denial on his carry permit application in August 2018 despite detailing how he is “under substantial threat of unjustifiable serious bodily harm.”
The lawsuit states that “due to the onerous nature of Defendants’ Regulatory Scheme, only a tiny fraction of a percent of New Jersey citizens are able to obtain permits to carry handguns, and indeed, most people simply never apply at all because it is well known throughout the State that the ‘justifiable need’ standard effectively renders the process an exercise in futility for all ordinary law-abiding citizens, thus further chilling and denying exercise of the right.”
Individuals that are interested in joining FPC in the fight against tyranny can become a member of the FPC Grassroots Army for just $25 at JoinFPC.org.
Firearms Policy Coalition and its FPC Law team are the nation’s next-generation advocates leading the Second Amendment litigation and research space. Some FPC legal actions include:

A challenge to New York City’s ban on handgun carry (Greco v. New York City)
A merits-stage Supreme Court brief providing the justices with the English history of the right to bear arms in support of a challenge to New York’s unconstitutional “may issue” scheme
A challenge to the federal ban on the sale of handguns and handgun ammunition to adults under 21 years of age (Reese v. ATF)
A challenge to Maryland’s ban on so-called “assault weapons” (Bianchi v. Frosh)
A challenge to California’s ban on so-called “assault weapons” (Miller v. Bonta) that resulted in a post-trial judgment and permanent injunction against the challenged regulations, the first such victory in United States history
A challenge to California’s handgun “roster”, microstamping, and self-manufacturing ban laws (Renna v. Bonta)
A challenge to California’s firearm purchase rationing ban (1-in-30 day limit) (Nguyen v. Bonta)
A challenge to Minnesota’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Worth v. Harrington)
A challenge to Illinois’ ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Meyer v. Raoul)
A challenge to Georgia’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Baughcum v. Jackson)
A challenge to Tennessee’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Basset v. Slatery)
A challenge to Maryland’s ban on handgun carry (Call v. Jones)
A challenge to Pennsylvania’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Lara v. Evanchick)

For more on these cases and other legal action initiatives, visit FPCLegal.org and follow FPC on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube.

About Firearms Policy Coalition

Firearms Policy Coalition (firearmspolicy.org), a 501(c)4 nonprofit organization, exists to create a world of maximal human liberty, defend constitutional rights, advance individual liberty, and restore freedom. FPC’s efforts are focused on the Right to Keep and Bear Arms and adjacent issues including freedom of speech, due process, unlawful searches and seizures, separation of powers, asset forfeitures, privacy, encryption, and limited government. The FPC team are next-generation advocates working to achieve the Organization’s strategic objectives through litigation, research, scholarly publications, amicus briefing, legislative and regulatory action, grassroots activism, education, outreach, and other programs. FPC Law (FPCLaw.org), the nation’s largest public interest legal team focused on the Right to Keep and Bear Arms, lead the Second Amendment litigation and research space.

Yesterday, a coalition of Second Amendment organizations from California to New Jersey announced the filing of an important merits-stage United States Supreme Court brief. IMG Jim Grant
U.S.A. -(AmmoLand.com)- Yesterday, a coalition of Second Amendment organizations from California to New Jersey announced the filing of an important merits-stage United States Supreme Court brief in the case of NYSRPA v. Bruen supporting the right to bear arms in public. The brief’s parties include FPC American Victory Fund, Coalition of New Jersey Firearms Owners, San Diego County Gun Owners, Orange County Gun Owners, Riverside County Gun Owners, California County Gun Owners, and Knife Rights Foundation. The brief can be found at FPCLegal.org.

The brief, submitted by historian and constitutional scholar David T. Hardy, argues that nineteenth-century state constitutions equated the term ‘bear arms’ with ‘carry arms for self-defense’; antebellum and post-Civil War case law confirms the original public understanding of the Second and Fourteenth Amendments; restrictions from the old west do not inform the Second Amendment’s original meaning; and that carrying arms for self-defense was common and known to the framing generations of 1791 and 1868.

“State constitutions from 1776 to 1868 demonstrate unequivocally that ‘bear arms’ was used to describe carrying arms for individual self-defense. Whatever the most common use of ‘bear arms’ was in ordinary speech, in constitutional enactments, ‘bear arms’ was universally understood as protecting defensive carry of ordinary arms,” the brief says. “History and tradition confirm this. Nineteenth-century carry restrictions, and the cases adjudicating their constitutionality, reflect an understanding that” governments “must allow ordinary citizens to carry arms for self-defense—bans on both open and concealed carry were largely invalidated.”
“CNJFO and its members unwaveringly support the petitioners in this case, who seek to enjoin unconstitutional barriers to the free exercise of Second Amendment rights,” said Theresa Inacker, CNJFO Communications Director. “The unconstitutional standard at the heart of this challenge parallels the impossible ‘justifiable need’ hurdle used by the State of New Jersey to prevent law-abiding people from exercising their right to bear arms. Citizens in states like New Jersey, New York, and elsewhere have been unjustly denied their fundamental Second Amendment rights at the hands of oppressive state governments for too long, and our relief is past due.”
“The right to carry is a focus of our organizations because our members see it as essential to their freedom and their right to self-defense,” noted Michael A. Schwartz, executive director of the amicus California County Gun Owners organizations. “We filed this brief because a ruling in our favor will put an end to California’s sheriffs and police chiefs requiring that carry license applicants provide proof of ‘good cause’ and make it possible for millions more law-abiding Californians to exercise their right to bear arms in public, especially in hostile counties like Los Angeles and in the San Francisco Bay Area.”
“This case will almost certainly lead to a historic decision at a time when some would like to see the Second Amendment diminished to a second-class right and take away one of the most important rights guaranteed by the Constitution,” said Knife Rights Foundation Chairman Doug Ritter. “Self-defense, and having the effective means by which a person defends themselves and their loved ones, is one of the most basic of natural human rights. We must stand strong defending this right.”
FPC American Victory Fund is a § 527 political committee that works to defend and promote fundamental rights, especially the right to keep and bear arms.

Coalition of New Jersey Firearms Owners (“CNJFO”) is a nonprofit membership organization based in Sewell, New Jersey that was formed to educate the public about the “need” standard, as well as to advocate for lawful, safe, and responsible firearms ownership in New Jersey. CNJFO strives to restore the basic human right of self-defense for the people of New Jersey—a right that, while guaranteed by the Constitution to all citizens, all three branches of the New Jersey government have worked to effectively obliterate.
San Diego County Gun Owners, Orange County Gun Owners, Riverside County Gun Owners, and California County Gun Owners are political membership organizations whose purposes are to protect and advance the Second Amendment rights of residents of California. Their memberships consist of Second Amendment supporters who want to protect and restore the right to keep and bear arms in California.
Knife Rights Foundation, Inc. is a non-profit organization that serves its members and the public, focused on protecting the rights of knife owners to keep and carry knives and edged arms, including for self-defense. The purposes of the Knife Rights Foundation include the promotion of education regarding state and federal knife laws and the defense and protection of the civil rights of knife owners nationwide.

FPC announces a case challenging New York’s “proper cause” scheme for the issuance of licenses to carry arms in public. IMG iStock-935671782
U.S.A. -(AmmoLand.com)- Firearms Policy Coalition (FPC) announced that attorneys Scott Keller, Matthew H. Frederick, Jonathan D. Urick, and Jeremy Evan Maltz of Lehotsky Keller have submitted an important merits-stage United States Supreme Court brief on behalf of FPC and Professor Joyce Lee Malcolm in NYSRPA v. Bruen, a case challenging New York’s “proper cause” scheme for the issuance of licenses to carry arms in public. The brief can be found at FPCLegal.org.

FPC’s brief provides a thorough exploration of English history and argues that the English right to have and use arms at the time of the American Founding included the right to carry weapons outside the home for self-preservation and defense. It further argues that the en banc Ninth Circuit’s evaluation of historical sources omitted crucial material, leading the court to a flawed understanding of the preexisting English right to possess and carry arms.

“FPC’s brief provides the Supreme Court with substantial historical support for the fundamental, individual right to bear arms,” said FPC President Brandon Combs. “It also highlights how the Ninth Circuit has improperly analyzed the relevant history and failed to respect the right in its Second Amendment decisions, which must be corrected. On behalf of our members and supporters, FPC thanks Professor Malcolm for joining our brief and her incredible scholarship on this critical area of law. We also thank Mr. Keller and his co-counsel for their tremendous work preparing an excellent cornerstone brief in this important case.”
“Those keen to erase the Second Amendment right of the people to bear arms outside their homes are attempting to rewrite legal history, inventing convenient facts and ignoring inconvenient facts.  They are entitled to their own opinions, of course, but not their own facts. The Supreme Court in Heller found the right to people to keep and bear arms includes their right to carry weapons outside their homes for self-defense and other lawful purposes. The FPC brief makes that history absolutely clear. It was a pleasure to help bring the truth to light,” said Professor Malcolm.
“The U.S. Supreme Court has made clear for decades that the U.S. Constitution must be interpreted in light of the English history at the time of the American Founding. This amicus curiae brief makes clear that the English right to have and use arms at the time of our Founding included the right to carry common weapons outside the home for self-preservation and defense. The Second Amendment therefore protected this well-established right to publicly carry arms, subject to longstanding English common law restrictions on carrying dangerous and unusual weapons in a manner that terrified the public. But simply publicly carrying weapons in common use for lawful purposes was protected by both the historical English right and the Second Amendment,” explained Mr. Keller.
Co-amici Joyce Lee Malcolm, Professor Emerita of Law at the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University, is a historian and constitutional scholar active in the area of constitutional history, focusing on the development of individual rights in Great Britain and America. Called “the leading historian on the history of English gun control and gun rights” by constitutional scholar David Kopel, she is the author of eight books and many articles on gun control, the Second Amendment, and individual rights. Her work was cited several times in the U.S. Supreme Court opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller. Professor Malcolm has previously taught at Princeton University, Bentley College, Boston University, Northeastern University, and Cambridge University. She was also a Senior Advisor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Security Studies Program, a Visiting Scholar at Massachusetts Center for Renaissance Studies, and is a Bye-Fellow at Robinson College, Cambridge University.

Mr. Keller has argued 11 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court and 12 cases before the Texas Supreme Court, the only practicing lawyer to have argued at least 10 cases in both courts. Mr. Keller frequently represents parties in high-stakes appeals, and he has argued many cases in federal courts of appeals throughout the nation. He has earned individual accolades from the National Law Journal, Law360, The Best Lawyers in America (BL Rankings, 2021), and other publications. Before founding Lehotsky Keller LLP, Mr. Keller headed Baker Botts LLP’s Supreme Court Practice. He also has significant experience at the highest levels in all three branches of government. Mr. Keller served as the Solicitor General of Texas, the State’s chief appellate litigator. He was U.S. Senator Ted Cruz’s chief counsel on the Senate Judiciary Committee. Mr. Keller was a law clerk for Justice Anthony Kennedy of the Supreme Court of the United States and Chief Judge Alex Kozinski of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He was also a Bristow Fellow in the U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of the Solicitor General.
Individuals that are interested in joining FPC in the fight against tyranny can become a member of the FPC Grassroots Army for just $25 at JoinFPC.org.
Firearms Policy Coalition and its FPC Law team are the nation’s next-generation advocates leading the Second Amendment litigation and research space. Some FPC legal actions include:

A challenge to California’s ban on so-called “assault weapons” (Miller v. Bonta) that resulted in a post-trial judgment and permanent injunction against the challenged regulations, the first such victory in United States history
A brief supporting certiorari in NYSRPA v. Bruen, which was granted by the U.S. Supreme Court
A challenge to Minnesota’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Worth v. Harrington)
A challenge to Illinois’ ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Meyer v. Raoul)
A challenge to Georgia’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Baughcum v. Jackson)
A challenge to Tennessee’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Basset v. Slatery)
A challenge to Maryland’s ban on handgun carry (Call v. Jones)
A challenge to New Jersey’s ban on handgun carry (Bennett v. Davis)
A challenge to New York City’s ban on handgun carry (Greco v. New York City)
A challenge to Pennsylvania’s ban on handgun carry by adults under 21 (Lara v. Evanchick)
A challenge to the federal ban on the sale of handguns and handgun ammunition to adults under 21 years of age (Reese v. BATFE)
A challenge to Maryland’s ban on so-called “assault weapons” (Bianchi v. Frosh)
A challenge to California’s handgun “roster”, microstamping, and self-manufacturing ban laws (Renna v. Bonta)
A challenge to Pennsylvania’s laws completely denying the right to carry to individuals who were previously granted relief from prior non-violent convictions and are not currently prohibited from possessing firearms (Suarez v. Evanchick)

To follow these and other legal cases FPC is actively working on, visit the Legal Action section of FPC’s website or follow FPC on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube.

About Firearms Policy Coalition
Firearms Policy Coalition (firearmspolicy.org) is a 501(c)4 nonprofit organization. FPC’s mission is to protect and defend constitutional rights—especially the right to keep and bear arms—advance individual liberty, and restore freedom through litigation and legal action, legislative and regulatory action, education, outreach, grassroots activism, other programs. FPC Law is the nation’s largest public interest legal team focused on the Second Amendment and adjacent fundamental rights including freedom of speech and due process, conducting litigation, research, scholarly publications, and amicus briefing, among other efforts.